Comparison of oscillatory muscle stimulation and dynamic hydraulic flow stimulation on musculoskeletal adaptation in a rat functional disuse model

INTRODUCTION Mechanotransductive signals through fluid flow stimulation, e.g., intramedullary pressure (ImP), have been shown effective in bone adaptation. ImP distribution is suggested to influence the mechanotransductory signals within bones. Suggested by the muscle pump theory, muscle compressions may increase vessel pressure gradient that can directly increase ImP. To further elucidate the bone-muscle relationship aided by mechanical loading, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of oscillatory electrical muscle stimulation (MS) and dynamic hydraulic flow stimulation (DHS) on musculoskeletal adaptation in a rat functional disuse model.